JEL Classification Codes Guide
A00 - General
A1 - General Economics
A10 - General A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values A14 - Sociology of Economics A19 - Other
A2 - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics
A20 - General A21 - Pre-college A22 - Undergraduate A23 - Graduate A29 - Other
A3 - Collective Works
A30 - General A31 - Collected Writings of Individuals A32 - Collective Volumes A33 - Handbooks A39 - Other B00 - General
B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925
B10 - General B11 - Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic) B12 - Classical (includes Adam Smith) B13 - Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Stockholm School) B14 - Socialist; Marxist B15 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary B16 - Quantitative and Mathematical B19 - Other
B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925
B20 - General B21 - Microeconomics B22 - Macroeconomics B23 - Econometrics; Quantitative and Mathematical Studies B24 - Socialist; Marxist; Sraffian B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian B26 - Financial Economics B29 - Other
B3 - History of Economic Thought: Individuals
B30 - General B31 - Individuals B32 - Obituaries
B4 - Economic Methodology
B40 - General B41 - Economic Methodology B49 - Other
B5 - Current Heterodox Approaches
B50 - General B51 - Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian B52 - Institutional; Evolutionary B53 - Austrian B54 - Feminist Economics B59 - Other C00 - General C01 - Econometrics C02 - Mathematical Methods
C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: General
C10 - General C11 - Bayesian Analysis: General C12 - Hypothesis Testing: General C13 - Estimation: General C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods: General C18 - Methodological Issues: General C19 - Other
C2 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models
C20 - General C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions C22 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes C23 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models C24 - Truncated and Censored Models; Switching Regression Models; Threshold Regression Models C25 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions; Probabilities C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation C29 - Other
C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables
C30 - General C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models C32 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models C33 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models C34 - Truncated and Censored Models; Switching Regression Models C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions C36 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation C38 - Classification Methods; Cluster Analysis; Principal Components; Factor Models C39 - Other
C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
C40 - General C41 - Duration Analysis; Optimal Timing Strategies C43 - Index Numbers and Aggregation C44 - Operations Research; Statistical Decision Theory C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics C49 - Other
C5 - Econometric Modeling
C50 - General C51 - Model Construction and Estimation C52 - Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection C53 - Forecasting and Prediction Methods; Simulation Methods C54 - Quantitative Policy Modeling C55 - Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis C57 - Econometrics of Games and Auctions C58 - Financial Econometrics C59 - Other
C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling
C60 - General C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis C62 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium C63 - Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools C67 - Input-Output Models C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models C69 - Other
C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
C70 - General C71 - Cooperative Games C72 - Noncooperative Games C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory C79 - Other
C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs
C80 - General C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data C82 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data C83 - Survey Methods; Sampling Methods C87 - Econometric Software C88 - Other Computer Software C89 - Other
C9 - Design of Experiments
C90 - General C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior C93 - Field Experiments C99 - Other D00 - General D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles D04 - Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation
D1 - Household Behavior
D10 - General D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation D14 - Household Saving; Personal Finance D18 - Consumer Protection D19 - Other
D2 - Production and Organizations
D20 - General D21 - Firm Behavior: Theory D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity D29 - Other
D3 - Distribution
D30 - General D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions D33 - Factor Income Distribution D39 - Other
D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design
D40 - General D41 - Perfect Competition D42 - Monopoly D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection D44 - Auctions D45 - Rationing; Licensing D46 - Value Theory D49 - Other
D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
D50 - General D51 - Exchange and Production Economies D52 - Incomplete Markets D57 - Input–Output Tables and Analysis D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models D59 - Other
D6 - Economic Welfare
D60 - General D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis D62 - Externalities D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement D64 - Altruism; Philanthropy; Intergenerational Transfers† D69 - Other
D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
D70 - General D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations D72 - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation D79 - Other
D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
D80 - General D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness D84 - Expectations; Speculations D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory D87 - Neuroeconomics D89 - Other
D9 - Intertemporal Choice
D90 - General D91 - Intertemporal Household Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice, Investment, Capacity, and Financing D99 - Other E00 - General E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts E02 - Institutions and the Macroeconomy E03 - Behavioral Macroeconomics
E1 - General Aggregative Models
E10 - General E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Kaleckiany E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian E13 - Neoclassical E14 - Austrian; Evolutionary; Institutional E16 - Social Accounting Matrix E17 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications E19 - Other
E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy
E20 - General E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth E22 - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity E23 - Production E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution E27 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications E29 - Other
E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
E30 - General E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles E37 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications E39 - Other
E4 - Money and Interest Rates
E40 - General E41 - Demand for Money E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems E43 - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy E47 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications E49 - Other
E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
E50 - General E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers E52 - Monetary Policy E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies E59 - Other
E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
E60 - General E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination E62 - Fiscal Policy E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization; Treasury Policy E64 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes E66 - General Outlook and Conditions E69 - Other F00 - General F01 - Global Outlook F02 - International Economic Order and Integration
F1 - Trade
F10 - General F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies; Fragmentation F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade F15 - Economic Integration F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation F18 - Trade and Environment F19 - Other
F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business
F20 - General F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements F22 - International Migration F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business F24 - Remittances F29 - Other
F3 - International Finance
F30 - General F31 - Foreign Exchange F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems F35 - Foreign Aid F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications F38 - International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls F39 - Other
F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
F40 - General F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies F44 - International Business Cycles F45 - Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions F47 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications F49 - Other
F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy
F50 - General F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism F53 - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations F54 - Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism F55 - International Institutional Arrangements F59 - Other
F6 - Economic Impacts of Globalization
F60 - General F61 - Microeconomic Impacts F62 - Macroeconomic Impacts F63 - Economic Development F64 - Environment F65 - Finance F66 - Labor F68 - Policy F69 - Other G00 - General G01 - Financial Crises G02 - Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles
G1 - General Financial Markets
G10 - General G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates G13 - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading G15 - International Financial Markets G18 - Government Policy and Regulation G19 - Other
G2 - Financial Institutions and Services
G20 - General G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies G23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies G28 - Government Policy and Regulation G29 - Other
G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance
G30 - General G31 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies; Capacity G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance G35 - Payout Policy G38 - Government Policy and Regulation G39 - Other H00 - General
H1 - Structure and Scope of Government
H10 - General H11 - Structure and Scope of Government H12 - Crisis Management H13 - Economics of Eminent Domain; Expropriation; Nationalization H19 - Other
H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
H20 - General H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation H22 - Incidence H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance H27 - Other Sources of Revenue H29 - Other
H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
H30 - General H31 - Household H32 - Firm H39 - Other
H4 - Publicly Provided Goods
H40 - General H41 - Public Goods H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods H43 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets H49 - Other
H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
H50 - General H51 - Government Expenditures and Health H52 - Government Expenditures and Education H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions H56 - National Security and War H57 - Procurement H59 - Other
H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
H60 - General H61 - Budget; Budget Systems H62 - Deficit; Surplus H63 - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt H68 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt H69 - Other
H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations
H70 - General H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects H74 - State and Local Borrowing H75 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions H76 - State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories H77 - Intergovernmental Relations H79 - Other
H8 - Miscellaneous Issues
H80 - General H81 - Governmental Loans and Credits H82 - Governmental Property H83 - Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits H84 - Disaster Aid H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods H89 - Other I00 - General
I1 - Health
I10 - General I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets I12 - Health Behavior I13 - Health Insurance, Public and Private I14 - Health and Inequality I15 - Health and Economic Development I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health I19 - Other
I2 - Education and Research Institutions
I20 - General I21 - Analysis of Education I22 - Educational Finance ; Financial Aid I23 - Higher Education; Research Institutions I24 - Education and Inequality I25 - Education and Economic Development I26 - Returns to Education I28 - Government Policy I29 - Other
I3 - Welfare and Poverty
I30 - General I31 - General Welfare; Basic Needs; Quality of Life I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty I38 - Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs I39 - Other J00 - General J01 - Labor Economics: General J08 - Labor Economics Policies
J1 - Demographic Economics
J10 - General J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market Discrimination J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants, Non-labor Discrimination J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination J17 - Value of Life; Forgone Income J18 - Public Policy J19 - Other
J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor
J20 - General J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply J23 - Labor Demand J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies J28 - Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy J29 - Other
J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
J30 - General J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Retirement Plans; Private Pensions J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods J38 - Public Policy J39 - Other
J4 - Particular Labor Markets
J40 - General J41 - Labor Contracts J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets J44 - Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets J46 - Informal Labor Markets J47 - Coercive Labor Markets J48 - Public Policy J49 - Other
J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
J50 - General J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining J53 - Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence J54 - Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms; Employee Ownership J58 - Public Policy J59 - Other
J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers
J60 - General J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings J68 - Public Policy J69 - Other
J7 - Labor Discrimination
J70 - General J71 - Discrimination J78 - Public Policy J79 - Other
J8 - Labor Standards: National and International
J80 - General J81 - Working Conditions J82 - Labor Force Composition J83 - Workers' Rights J88 - Public Policy J89 - Other K00 - General
K1 - Basic Areas of Law
K10 - General K11 - Property Law K12 - Contract Law K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability; Forensic Economics K14 - Criminal Law K19 - Other
K2 - Regulation and Business Law
K20 - General K21 - Antitrust Law K22 - Business and Securities Law K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law K29 - Other
K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law
K30 - General K31 - Labor Law K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law K33 - International Law K34 - Tax Law K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law K36 - Family and Personal Law K37 - Immigration Law K39 - Other
K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
K40 - General K41 - Litigation Process K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law K49 - Other L00 - General
L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
L10 - General L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change;Industrial Price Indices
L17 - Open Source Products and Markets L19 - Other
L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
L20 - General L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure L23 - Organization of Production L24 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope L26 - Entrepreneurship L29 - Other
L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise
L30 - General L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs; Social Entrepreneurship L32 - Public Enterprises; Public-Private Enterprises L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out L38 - Public Policy L39 - Other
L4 - Antitrust Policy
L40 - General L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
L49 - Other
L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy
L50 - General L51 - Economics of Regulation L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods L53 - Enterprise Policy L59 - Other
L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing
L60 - General L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment; Related Parts and Equipment L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment L64 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment L68 - Appliances; Furniture; Other Consumer Durables L69 - Other
L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
L70 - General L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources L73 - Forest Products L74 - Construction L78 - Government Policy L79 - Other
L8 - Industry Studies: Services
L80 - General L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce L82 - Entertainment; Media L83 - Sports; Gambling; Restaurants; Recreation; Tourism L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services L85 - Real Estate Services L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software L87 - Postal and Delivery Services L88 - Government Policy L89 - Other
L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
L90 - General L91 - Transportation: General L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation L93 - Air Transportation L94 - Electric Utilities L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities L96 - Telecommunications L97 - Utilities: General L98 - Government Policy L99 - Other M00 - General
M1 - Business Administration
M10 - General M11 - Production Management M12 - Personnel Management; Executives; Executive Compensation M13 - New Firms; Startups M14 - Corporate Culture; Diversity; Social Responsibility M15 - IT Management M16 - International Business Administration M19 - Other
M2 - Business Economics
M20 - General M21 - Business Economics M29 - Other
M3 - Marketing and Advertising
M30 - General M31 - Marketing M37 - Advertising M38 - Government Policy and Regulation M39 - Other
M4 - Accounting and Auditing
M40 - General M41 - Accounting M42 - Auditing M48 - Government Policy and Regulation M49 - Other
M5 - Personnel Economics
M50 - General M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects M53 - Training M54 - Labor Management M55 - Labor Contracting Devices M59 - Other N00 - General N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations
N10 - General, International, or Comparative N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- N13 - Europe: Pre-1913 N14 - Europe: 1913- N15 - Asia including Middle East N16 - Latin America; Caribbean N17 - Africa; Oceania
N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions
N20 - General, International, or Comparative N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-71 N23 - Europe: Pre-1913 N24 - Europe: 1913- N25 - Asia including Middle East N26 - Latin America; Caribbean N27 - Africa; Oceania
N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy
N30 - General, International, or Comparative N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- N33 - Europe: Pre-1913 N34 - Europe: 1913- N35 - Asia including Middle East N36 - Latin America; Caribbean N37 - Africa; Oceania
N4 - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation
N40 - General, International, or Comparative N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- N43 - Europe: Pre-1913 N44 - Europe: 1913- N45 - Asia including Middle East N46 - Latin America; Caribbean N47 - Africa; Oceania
N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
N50 - General, International, or Comparative N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913 N53 - Europe: Pre-1913 N54 - EEurope: 1913- N55 - Asia including Middle East N56 - Latin America; Caribbean N57 - Africa; Oceania
N6 - Manufacturing and Construction
N60 - General, International, or Comparative N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- N63 - Europe: Pre-1913 N64 - Europe: 1913- N65 - Asia including Middle East N66 - Latin America; Caribbean N67 - Africa; Oceania
N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
N70 - General, International, or Comparative N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- N73 - Europe: Pre-1913 N74 - Europe: 1913- N75 - Asia including Middle East N76 - Latin America; Caribbean N77 - Africa; Oceania
N8 - Micro-Business History
N80 - General, International, or Comparative N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- N83 - Europe: Pre-1913 N84 - Europe: 1913- N85 - Asia including Middle East N86 - Latin America; Caribbean N87 - Africa; Oceania
N9 - Regional and Urban History
N90 - General, International, or Comparative N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- N93 - Europe: Pre-1913 N94 - Europe: 1913- N95 - Asia including Middle East N96 - Latin America; Caribbean N97 - Africa; Oceania
O1 - Economic Development
O10 - General O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Environment; Other Primary Products O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations
O2 - Development Planning and Policy
O20 - General O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy O22 - Project Analysis O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy O25 - Industrial Policy O29 - Other
O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights
O30 - General O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital O35 - Social Innovation O38 - Government Policy O39 - Other
O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
O40 - General O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models O42 - Monetary Growth Models O43 - Institutions and Growth O44 - Environment and Growth O47 - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence O49 - Other
O5 - Economywide Country Studies
O50 - General O51 - U.S.; Canada O52 - Europe O53 - Asia including Middle East O54 - Latin America; Caribbean O55 - Africa O56 - Oceania O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries P00 - General
P1 - Capitalist Systems
P10 - General P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform P12 - Capitalist Enterprises P13 - Cooperative Enterprises P14 - Property Rights P16 - Political Economy P17 - Performance and Prospects P19 - Other
P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
P20 - General P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform P22 - Prices P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights P27 - Performance and Prospects P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; Environment P29 - Other
P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
P30 - General P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid P34 - Financial Economics P35 - Public Finance P36 - Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior P39 - Other
P4 - Other Economic Systems
P40 - General P41 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid P46 - Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty P47 - Performance and Prospects P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies P49 - Other
P5 - Comparative Economic Systems
P50 - General P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies P59 - Other Q00 - General Q01 - Sustainable Development Q02 - Commodity Markets
Q1 - Agriculture
Q10 - General Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness Q14 - Agricultural Finance Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment Q16 - R&D; Agricultural Technology; Biofuels; Agricultural Extension Services Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade Q18 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy Q19 - Other
Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation
Q20 - General Q21 - Demand and Supply; Prices Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture Q23 - Forestry Q24 - Land Q25 - Water Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources Q27 - Issues in International Trade Q28 - Government Policy Q29 - Other
Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
Q30 - General Q31 - Demand and Supply; Prices Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development Q33 - Resource Booms Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts Q35 - Hydrocarbon Resources Q37 - Issues in International Trade Q38 - Government Policy Q39 - Other
Q4 - Energy
Q40 - General Q41 - Demand and Supply; Prices Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy Q47 - Energy Forecasting Q48 - Government Policy Q49 - Other
Q5 - Environmental Economics
Q50 - General Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters and Their Management; Global Warming Q55 - Technological Innovation Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology Q58 - Government Policy Q59 - Other R00 - General
R1 - General Regional Economics
R10 - General R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies R14 - Land Use Patterns R15 - Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models R19 - Other
R2 - Household Analysis
R20 - General R21 - Housing Demand R22 - Other Demand R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics R28 - Government Policy R29 - Other
R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location
R30 - General R31 - Housing Supply and Markets R32 - Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets R38 - Government Policy R39 - Other
R4 - Transportation Economics
R40 - General R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise R42 - Government and Private Investment Analysis; Road Maintenance; Transportation Planning R48 - Government Pricing and Policy R49 - Other
R5 - Regional Government Analysis
R50 - General R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock R58 - Regional Development Policy R59 - Other
Y1 - Data: Tables and Charts
Y10 - Data: Tables and Charts
Y2 - Introductory Material
Y20 - Introductory Material
Y3 - Book Reviews (unclassified)
Y30 - Book Reviews (unclassified)
Y4 - Dissertations (unclassified)
Y40 - Dissertations (unclassified)
Y5 - Further Reading (unclassified)
Y50 - Further Reading (unclassified)
Y6 - Excerpts
Y60 - Excerpts
Y7 - No Author General Discussions
Y70 - No Author General Discussions
Y8 - Related Disciplines
Y80 - Related Disciplines
Y9 - Other
Y90 - Other Y91 - Pictures and Maps Y92 - Novels, Self-Help Books, etc. Z00 - General
Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology
Z10 - General Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature Z12 - Religion Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification Z18 - Public Policy Z19 - Other
Z2 - Sports Economics
Z20 - General Z21 - Industry Studies Z22 - Labor Issues Z23 - Finance Z28 - Policy Z29 - Other
Z3 - Tourism Economics
Z30 - General Z31 - Industry Studies Z32 - Tourism and Development Z33 - Marketing and Finance Z38 - Policy Z39 - Other
The guide provides JEL Code application guidelines, keywords, and examples of items within each classification.
The "JEL" classification system originated with the Journal of Economic Literature and is a standard method of classifying scholarly literature in the field of economics. It is used in many of the AEA's published research materials.
Use the guide to gain insight on how JEL Codes are used to classify articles, dissertations, books, book reviews, and working papers. You will also find it is helpful when adding classification codes to your own work.
A: General Economics and Teaching
B: Methodology and History of Economic Thought
C: Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
D: Microeconomics
E: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
F: International Economics
G: Financial Economics
H: Public Economics
I: Health, Education, and Welfare
J: Labor and Demographic Economics
K: Law and Economics
L: Industrial Organization
M: Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics
N: Economic History
O: Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth
P: Economic Systems
Q: Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics
R: Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics
Y: Miscellaneous Categories
Z: Other Special Topics
No comments:
Post a Comment